Text 3

American farmers have been complaining of labor shortages for several years. The complaints are unlikely to stop without an overhaul of immigration rules for farm workers.

Congress has obstructed efforts to create a more straightforward visa for agricultural workers that would let foreign workers stay longer in the U.S. and change jobs within the industry. If this doesn’t change, American businesses, communities, and consumers will be the losers.

Perhaps half of U.S. farm laborers are undocumented immigrants. As fewer such workers enter the country, the characteristics of the agricultural workforce are changing. Today’s farm laborers, while still predominantly born in Mexico, are more likely to be settled rather than migrating and more likely to be married than single. They’re also aging. At the start of this century, about one-third of crop workers were over the age of 35. Now more than half are. And picking crops is hard on older bodies. One oft-debated cure for this labor shortage remains as implausible as it’s been all along: Native U.S. workers won’t be returning to the farm.

Mechanization isn’t the answer, either—not yer, at least. Production of corn, cotton, rice, soybeans, and wheat has been largely mechanized, but many high-value, labor-intensive corps, such as strawberries, need labor. Even dairy farms, where robots do a small share of milking, have a long way to go before they’re automated.

As a result, farms have grown increasingly reliant on temporary guest workers using the H-2A visa to fill the gaps in the workforce. Starting around 2012, requests for the visas rose sharply; from 2011 to 2016 the number of visas issued more than doubled.

The H-2A visa has no numerical cap, unlike the H-2B visa for nonagricultural work, which is limited to 66,000 a year. Even so, employers complain they aren’t given all the workers they need. The process is cumbersome, expensive, and unreliable. One survey found that bureaucratic delays led the average H-2A worker to arrive on the job 22 days late. The shortage is compounded by federal immigration raids, which remove some workers and drive others underground.

In a 2012 survey, 71 percent of tree-fruit growers and almost 80 percent of raisin and berry growers said they were short of labor. Some western farmers have responded by moving operations to Mexico. From 1998 to 2000, 14.5 percent of the fruit Americans consumed was imported. Little more than a decade later, the share of imports was 25.8 percent.In effect, the U.S. can import food or it can import the workers who pick it.

31. What problem should be addressed according to the first two paragraphs?

A. Discrimination against foreign workers in the U.S.

B. Biased laws in favor of some American businesses.

C. Flaws in U.S. immigration rules for farm workers.

D. Decline of job opportunities U.S. agriculture.

32. One trouble with U.S. agricultural workforce is       .

A. the rising number of illegal immigrants

B. the high mobility of crop workers

C. the lack of experienced laborers

D. the aging of immigrant farm workers

33.What is the much-argued solution to the labor shortage in U.S. farming?

A. To attract younger laborers to farm work.

B. To get native U.S. workers back to farming.

C. To use more robots to grow high-value crops.

D. To strengthen financial support for farmers.

34. Agricultural employers complain about the H-2A visa for its        .

A. slow granting procedures

B. limit on duration of stay

C. tightened requirements

D. control of annual admissions

35. Which of the following could be the best title for this text?

A. U.S. Agriculture in Decline?

B. Import Food or Labor?

C. America Saved by Mexico?

D. Manpower vs. Automation?

31-35參考答案及解析：

31.【答案】[C]  Flaws in U. S. immigratinon rules for farm workers.

【解析】題干為What problem should be addressed according to the first two paragraphs?原文第一段第三句The complaints are unlikely to stop without an overhaul of immigration rules for farm workers.可知如果不修改農(nóng)場(chǎng)工人的移民法規(guī)，這種抱怨不太可能會(huì)停止。因此可以得出目前需要解決的一個(gè)問(wèn)題是修改農(nóng)場(chǎng)工人的移民法規(guī)。C選項(xiàng)意為美國(guó)農(nóng)場(chǎng)工人移民法規(guī)的缺陷需要解決，和原文含義一致因此C選項(xiàng)為正確選項(xiàng)。

32.【答案】[D]  the aging of immigrant farm workers

【解析】題干為One trouble with U.S. agricultural workforce is       .原文第三段倒數(shù)第二句 And picking crops is hard on older bodies. 可知農(nóng)作物的活對(duì)于老人來(lái)說(shuō)困難，而本句話的前幾句提到美國(guó)的農(nóng)場(chǎng)工人年齡上漲，現(xiàn)在一多半人是35歲以上的人，因此可知美國(guó)農(nóng)場(chǎng)勞動(dòng)力的一個(gè)問(wèn)題是農(nóng)場(chǎng)工人老齡化。D選項(xiàng)為移民農(nóng)場(chǎng)農(nóng)人的老齡化，因此D選型為正確選項(xiàng)。

33【答案】[B]  To get native U.S. workers back to farming.

【解析】根據(jù)題干What is the much-argued solution to the labor shortage in U.S. farming?中的關(guān)鍵詞much-argued solution 定位到原文第三段最后一句 One oft-debated cure for this labor shortage remains as implausible as it’s been all along: Native U.S. workers won’t be returning to the farm. [B] 選項(xiàng) To get native U.S. workers back to farming. 和該句屬于同義替換，因此答案為B選項(xiàng)。

34【答案】[A]  slow graning procedures.

【解析】根據(jù)題干Agricultural employers complain about the H-2A visa for its        .定位到原文第六段第二句 Even so, employers complain they aren’t given all the workers they need. 但是我們發(fā)現(xiàn)該句只提到了農(nóng)場(chǎng)雇主抱怨 H-2A visa 的事實(shí)，而并沒(méi)有給出題干所問(wèn)農(nóng)場(chǎng)雇主抱怨 H-2A visa 的原因，而第三句The process is cumbersome, expensive, and unreliable. 提到這個(gè)過(guò)程是耗時(shí)的、昂貴的并且不可靠的。點(diǎn)名了農(nóng)場(chǎng)主抱怨的原因，A選項(xiàng)含義為緩慢的頒發(fā)流程，因此A選項(xiàng)為正確選項(xiàng)。

35【答案】[B]  Import Food or Labor?

【解析】題干為Which of the following could be the best title for this text？問(wèn)的是本文最好的標(biāo)題屬于主旨題。原文首先提到美國(guó)農(nóng)場(chǎng)存在缺乏農(nóng)場(chǎng)工人的問(wèn)題，之后討論了一些解決方法，并指出這些解決方法不可取，目前比較有效的方法是H-2A簽證給臨時(shí)農(nóng)場(chǎng)工人，但是H-2A簽證頒發(fā)的流程慢，需要解決，最后指出美國(guó)人需要進(jìn)口食物或者工人。因此可知本文最好的標(biāo)題應(yīng)該是B選項(xiàng)Import Food or Labor?“進(jìn)口食物或者勞動(dòng)力？”

Text 4

Amold Schwarzenegger. Dia Mirza and Adrian Grenier have a message for you. It’s easy to beat plastic. They’re part of a bunch of celebrities starring in a new video for World Environment Day—encouraging you, the consumer, to swap out your single-use plastic staples like straws and cutlery to combat the plastics crisis.

The key messages that have been put together for World Environment Day do include a call for governments to enact legislation to curb single-use plastics. But the overarching message is directed at individuals.

My concern with leaving it up to the individual, however, is our limited sense of what needs to be achieved. One their own, taking our own bags to the grocery store or quitting plastic straws, for example, will accomplish little and require very little of us. They could even be detrimental, satisfying a need to have “done our bit” without ever progressing onto bigger, bolder, more effective actions—a kind of “moral licensing” that allays our concerns and stops us doing more and asking more of those in charge.

While the conversation around our environment and our responsibility toward it remains centered on shopping hags and straws, we’re ignoring the balance of power that implies that as “consumers” we must shop sustainably, rather than as “ citizens” hole our governments and industries to account to push for real systemic change.

It’s important to acknowledge that the environment isn’t everyone’s priority-or even most people’s. We shouldn’t expect it to be. In her latest book, Why Good People Do Bad Environmental Things. Wellesley College professor Elizabeth R. DeSombre argues that the best way to collectively change the behavior of large numbers of people is for the change to be structural.

This might mean implementing policy such as a plastic tax that adds a cost to environmentally problematic action, or banning single-use plastics altogether. India has just announced it will “eliminate all single-use plastic in the country by 2022.” There are also incentive-based ways of making better environmental choices easier, such as ensuring recycling is at least as easy as trash disposal.

DeSombre isn’t saying people should stop caring about the environment. It’s just that individual actions are too slow, she says, for that to be the only, or even primary, approach to changing widespread behavior.

None of this is about writing off the individual. It’s just about putting things into perspective. We don’t have time to wait. We need progressive policies that shape collective action (and rein in polluting businesses), alongside engaged citizens pushing for change.

36. Some celebrities star in a new video to

A. demand new laws on the use of plastics

B. urge consumers to cut the use of plastics

C. invite public opinion on the plastics crisis

D. disclose the causes of the plastics crisis

37.The author is concerned that “moral licensing” may

A. mislead us into doing worthless things

B. prevent us from making further efforts

C. weaken our sense of accomplishment

D. suppress our desire for success

38. By pointing out out identity “citizens”, the author indicates that

A. our focus should be shifted to community welfare

B. our relationship with local industries is improving

C. We have been actively exercising our civil rights

D. We should press our government to lead the combat

39. DeSombre argues that the best way for a collective change should be

A. a win-win arrangement

B. a self-driven mechanism

C. a cost-effective approach

D. a top down process

40. The author concludes that individual efforts

A. can be too aggressive

B. can be too inconsistent

C. are far from sufficient

D. are far from rational

36-40參考答案及解析：

36.【答案】B. urge consumers to cut the use of plastics

【解析】根據(jù)題干的關(guān)鍵詞“some celebrities star in a new video”回文定位首段的第三句話，即“They are part of a bunch of celebrities starring in a new video for World Environment Day—encouraging you, the consumer, to swap out your single-use plastic staples like straws and cutlery to combat the plastic crisis.”意思是“鼓勵(lì)消費(fèi)者減少使用一次性塑料制品，從而對(duì)抗塑料危機(jī)”。仔細(xì)觀察四個(gè)選項(xiàng)，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)選項(xiàng)B中的 “urge”一詞與原文中的 “encourage”一詞屬于同義替換，“cut the use of plastics”與原文中的 “swap out your single-use plastic staples”意思一致，所以正確答案即為B選項(xiàng)。

37.【答案】B. prevent us from making further efforts

【解析】題干中問(wèn)作者擔(dān)憂“moral licensing”可能如何，利用引號(hào)中的關(guān)鍵詞定位，回到文章第三段最后一句， “they could even be detrimental, satisfying a need to have “done our bit”without ever progressing onto bigger, bolder, more effective actions—a kind of “moral licensing” that allays our concerns and stops us doing more and asking more of those in charge.”意為“他們沒(méi)有采取更大、更明顯、更有效的措施...”，仔細(xì)觀察選項(xiàng)，只有選項(xiàng)B中的”prevent us from making further efforts”，即“妨礙我們進(jìn)一步的行動(dòng)”，故而正確答案為B選項(xiàng)。

38.【答案】D. We should press our governmental to lead the combat.

【解析】根據(jù)題干中的關(guān)鍵詞“By pointing out our identity as“citizens”, the author indicates that”，我們可以定位到原文中的第四段，因?yàn)樵摱沃挥幸痪湓?，所以根?jù)關(guān)鍵信息我們只需要理解后半句 “rather than as “citizens”hold our governments and industries to account to push for real systematic change”，意即“而不是作為“市民”，去推動(dòng)我們的政府和行業(yè)去做出真正的系統(tǒng)性的改變”。意思就是作者希望政府自發(fā)作出改變來(lái)應(yīng)對(duì)當(dāng)下的情形，反觀選項(xiàng)，只有D選項(xiàng)表達(dá)出這一層含義，“我們應(yīng)該施壓于政府使其主導(dǎo)這場(chǎng)斗爭(zhēng)”。故而正確答案是D選項(xiàng)。

39.【答案】D. a top down process

【解析】根據(jù)題干中的定位信息“DeSombre”以及“the best ways for a collective change”我們可以定位到文中的第五、六段，“Elizaberth R. DeSombre... for the change to be structural”，大意為這個(gè)教授認(rèn)為集體性的改變大多數(shù)人行為最好的方法就是使其變成結(jié)構(gòu)性的，第六段進(jìn)一步從市民和政府的角度，闡述了這種結(jié)構(gòu)化的改變。對(duì)比選項(xiàng)，只有D選項(xiàng)“自上而下的過(guò)程”最為符合。

40.【答案】C. are far from sufficient

【解析】根據(jù)題干信息以及解題的順序原則，我們很快定位到最后一段，“None of this is about writing off the individual. It’s just about...We need progressive policies that shape collective action(and rein in polluting business), alongside engaged citizens pushing for change”。這段話都是作者的觀點(diǎn)，作者認(rèn)為當(dāng)下時(shí)間緊迫，我們需要改變看問(wèn)題的角度，需要更為進(jìn)步的政策來(lái)推動(dòng)集體行動(dòng)以及熱心的市民參與進(jìn)來(lái)，單靠個(gè)人的努力遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不夠，這與C選項(xiàng)中的“遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不夠”同義替換，故而正確答案是C選項(xiàng)。