Section I Use of English

Directions:

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

Though not biologically related, friends are as "related" as fourth cousins, sharing about 1% of genes. That is 1 a study,published from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, has 2 .

The study is a genome-wide analysis conducted 3 1932 unique subjects which 4 pairs of unrelated friends and unrelated strangers. The same people were used in both 5.?

While 1% may seem 6 , it is not so to a geneticist. As co-author of the study James Fowler, professor of medical genetics at UC San Diego, says, "Most people do not even 7their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who 8 our kin."

The study 9 found that the genes for smell were something shared in friends but not genes for immunity. Why this similarity exists in smell genes is difficult to explain, for now. 10, as the team suggests, it draws us to similar environments but there is more 11 it. There could be many mechanisms working together that 12us in choosing genetically similar friends 13 "functional kinship" of being friends with 14 !

One of the remarkable findings of the study was that the similar genes seem to be evolving 15 than other genes. Studying this could help 16 why human evolution picked pace in the last 30,000 years, with social environment being a major 17 factor.

The findings do not simply explain people's 18 to befriend those of similar  19 backgrounds, say the researchers. Though all the subjects were drawn from a population of European extraction, care was taken to 20that all subjects, friends and strangers were taken from the same population.

1. [A] when [B] why [C] how [D] what

【答案】[D] what

【解析】該題考查的是語法知識。根據(jù)句子結(jié)構(gòu)和選項的特點(diǎn)，可以判斷出空格處應(yīng)填從屬連詞引導(dǎo)從句;再根據(jù)句子的內(nèi)容，可以看出該從句是一項研究的相關(guān)內(nèi)容(what)，不是指研究的時間(when)， 原因(why)和方式(how)，因此，該題的答案為what。

2. [A] defended [B] concluded [C] withdrawn [D] advised

【答案】[B] concluded

【解析】從此題所在的句子的前后內(nèi)容可以判斷出，that is_______ 中的that是指第一句話的內(nèi)容(朋友與我們基因上的相關(guān)性)，很顯然是研究得出的結(jié)論。因此，答案為concluded。

3. [A] for [B] with [C] on [D] by

【答案】[C] on

【解析】根據(jù)空格所在句子的內(nèi)容(研究對1932分獨(dú)特的受試者進(jìn)行分析)判斷出進(jìn)行分析的對象是1932 unique subjects。conduct analysis on…是固定表達(dá)。

4. [A] compared [B] sought [C] separated [D] connected

【答案】[A] compared

【解析】該空格所在的句子是which 引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾study,意思是：對幾對基因不相關(guān)的朋友和陌生人進(jìn)行_______。因?yàn)椤把芯俊钡膬?nèi)容是關(guān)于朋友間基因上的相關(guān)性問題，所以完整的意思應(yīng)該是：對幾對基因不相關(guān)的朋友和陌生人進(jìn)行比較。所以最佳答案為compared。

5. [A] tests [B] objects [C]samples [D] examples

【答案】[C] samples

【解析】根據(jù)空格的前后內(nèi)容判斷，到第五個空為止，文章都在講實(shí)驗(yàn)過程，和實(shí)驗(yàn)對象，第五個空格所在句子的內(nèi)容是：相同的人們都用于實(shí)驗(yàn)中的這兩類______。所以根據(jù)上下文語境和內(nèi)容，應(yīng)該選與實(shí)驗(yàn)對象相對應(yīng)的samples(樣例).因此，答案是samples。

6. [A] insignificant [B] unexpected [C]unbelievable [D] incredible

【答案】[A] insignificant

【解析】空的語境為：盡管這1%看起來似乎____，但是遺傳學(xué)家可不這么認(rèn)為?？涨昂笮纬蓪Ρ绒D(zhuǎn)折的邏輯關(guān)系，而從后文列舉的例子中可知遺傳學(xué)家James Fowler對這1%基因的態(tài)度是肯定的，故答案為A。

7. [A] visit [B] miss [C] seek [D] know

【答案】[D] know

【解析】空的語境為：大多數(shù)人甚至不____他們隔三代的表親，但卻設(shè)法選擇那些____我們親戚的人作為朋友。填入的詞必須滿足前后句之間的轉(zhuǎn)折邏輯關(guān)系，四個選項帶入，只有D選項符合上下文語義。

8. [A] resemble [B] influence [C] favor [D] surpass

【答案】[A] resemble

【解析】空的語境為：大多數(shù)人甚至不認(rèn)識他們隔三代的表親，但卻設(shè)法選擇那些____我們親戚的人作為朋友。根據(jù)全文中心：基因上的相似性，可知本題選擇A。

9. [A] again [B] also [C] instead [D] thus

【答案】[B] also

【解析】空所在的句子開頭用“The study…”,顯然這是對上文話題的繼續(xù)闡述，前文指出研究發(fā)現(xiàn)朋友與我們有1%的基因關(guān)系，而空所在句“the genes for smell were something shared in friends”在進(jìn)一步詳細(xì)討論該話題，前后之間是順接關(guān)系，故答案為B。

10. [A] Meanwhile [B] Furthermore [C] Likewise [D] Perhaps

【答案】[D] Perhaps

【解析】從選項和文字中句子結(jié)構(gòu)可以判斷，空格處要求填入一個能夠體現(xiàn)前后兩個句子邏輯關(guān)系的副詞，空前的句子談到“為什么在嗅覺基因方面存在相似性還很難解釋”，空后卻緊接著對此得出一個相關(guān)結(jié)論，很明顯是矛盾的，所以此結(jié)論只能是一種不確定的推測，故答案為D。

11. [A] about [B] to [C]from [D]like

【答案】[B] to

【解析】該題為介詞選擇題。后半句出現(xiàn)比較級，可見是和前文形成比較關(guān)系，因此和上半句介詞保持一致，用介詞to。該句翻譯：它(這種相似性)吸引我們到相同的環(huán)境，并且使我們更為相似。因此答案為to。

12. [A] drive [B] observe [C] confuse [D]limit

【答案】[A] drive

【解析】該句意思為：很多機(jī)制共同作用，從而_____我們選擇基因相似的朋友，_____和_____交朋友的“功能關(guān)系”。根據(jù)上下文可知，此處所填入動詞需符合結(jié)構(gòu)_____sb. in doing sth，B選項observe(觀察，遵守)和C選項confuse(困惑)均無此用法。符合該結(jié)構(gòu)只有A選項drive(驅(qū)使)和D選項limit(限制)。根據(jù)上下文可得知：這些機(jī)制驅(qū)使我們選擇基因相似的朋友，符合文章主題。如果選限制則為反向干擾。因此答案為drive。

13. [A] according to [B] rather than [C] regardless of [D] along with

【答案】[B] rather than

【解析】所填詞為邏輯關(guān)系短語，空前說選擇基因相似的朋友，空后說具有“實(shí)用關(guān)系”的朋友，可知前后為對立關(guān)系，并且根據(jù)文章主題，可知肯定前者而否定后者，可鎖定B選項rather than。A選項according to(根據(jù))沒有體現(xiàn)出對立及取舍關(guān)系，因此排除;C選項regardless of(不管)表讓步關(guān)系，干擾性較強(qiáng)，但文章更強(qiáng)調(diào)取前舍后，因此排除;D選項along with(伴隨)表順接，故排除。故答案為rather than。

14. [A] chances [B]responses [C]missions [D]benefits

【答案】[D] benefits

【解析】根據(jù)前文functional kinship(實(shí)用關(guān)系)可得出D選項benefits(利益)，前后形成呼應(yīng)。A選項chances(機(jī)會)、B選項responses(反應(yīng))、C選項missions(使命)均不符合題意。故答案為benefits。

15. [A] later [B]slower [C] faster [D] earlier

【答案】[C] faster

【解析】該句為：evolving ______ than other genes(比其他基因進(jìn)化得______). 根據(jù)同詞復(fù)現(xiàn)，我們找到該段第二句話中：human evolution picked pace in the last 30,000 years(人類進(jìn)化在過去30000年間提速)。C 選項faster與下文picked pace(加速)形成呼應(yīng)，故答案為faster。

16. [A]forecast [B]remember [C]understand [D]express

【答案】[C] understand

【解析】此題考查動詞。根據(jù)語意?？崭窈竺媸且粋€why引導(dǎo)的賓語從句，意為“人類進(jìn)化在過去三萬年間得以加速的原因”，表示這一研究的結(jié)果和意義。能與這一賓語從句構(gòu)成搭配的只有C選項understand。A選項forecast“預(yù)測”與“過去三萬年”相矛盾，B選項remember“記住”和D選項“express”均不符合文意。

17. [A] unpredictable [B]contributory [C] controllable [D] disruptive

【答案】[B] contributory

【解析】此空需要填入一個形容詞，表達(dá)社會環(huán)境對人類進(jìn)步所起到的作用。help，pick pace這兩個詞表達(dá)的都是積極的含義，因此此處需要填入一個帶有褒義的感情色彩的詞， 因此排除A選項“不可預(yù)測的”和D選項“破壞性的”; B 而C選項“可控的”,與語意無關(guān);因此正確答案為B選項contributory“促進(jìn)的”。

18. [A] endeavor [B]decision [C]arrangement [D] tendency

【答案】[D] tendency

【解析】此處進(jìn)一步陳述這一研究的結(jié)論。A選項endeavor“努力”，B選項“決定”，C選項“安排”，D選項“傾向”。本文的主旨重在解釋人們在交朋友的不自覺的一種傾向，而非通過人為的有意識的舉動來選擇朋友。因此正確答案為D。

19. [A] political [B] religious [C] ethnic [D] economic

【答案】[C] ethnic

【解析】結(jié)合文意，人們普遍希望和有相似基因背景的人。C選項ethnic意為“種族的，民族的”，是對上文中多次重復(fù)出現(xiàn)的genes,以及下文的the same population的同義復(fù)現(xiàn)。因此正確答案為C。 A選項political“政治的”， B選項“宗教的”，D選項“經(jīng)濟(jì)的”均不符合原文文意。

20. [A] see [B] show [C] prove [D] tell

【答案】[A] see

【解析】此處考察動詞，動詞勢必要看前后搭配。see that 構(gòu)成固定詞組，意為“務(wù)必使……”，符合文意，即：即使所有的受訪者都擁有歐洲血統(tǒng)，(研究者們)仍然悉心確保所有的受訪者、朋友和陌生人都來自于同一群種。選項B“展示”,選項C“證明”，選項D“辨別”均無此含義，且不符合文意。