Section II Reading Comprehension

Part A

Directions:

Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)

Text 1
What would you do with $590m? This is now a question for Gloria Mackenzie, an 84-­year-­old widow who recently emerged from her small, tin-­roofed house in Florida to collect the biggest undivided lottery jackpot in history. If she hopes her new-­found fortune will yield lasting feelings of fulfillment, she could do worse than read Happy Money by Elizabeth Dumn and Michael Norton.

These two academics use an array of behavioral research to show that the most rewarding ways to spend money can be counterintuitive. Fantasies of great wealth often involve visions of fancy cars and extravagant homes. Yet satisfaction with these material purchases wears off fairly quickly. What was once exciting and new becomes old­hat; regret creeps in. It is far better to spend money on experiences, say Ms. Dumn and Mr. Norton, like interesting trips, unique meals or even going to the cinema. These purchases often become more valuable with time—as stories or memories—particularly if they involve feeling more connected to others.

This slim volume is packed with tips to help wage slaves as well as lottery winners get the most “happiness bang for your buck.” It seems most people would be better off if they could shorten their commutes to work, spend more time with friends and family and less of it watching television (something the average American spends a whopping two months a year doing, and is hardly jollier for it). Buying gifts or giving to charity is often more pleasurable than purchasing things for oneself, and luxuries are most enjoyable when they are consumed sparingly. This is apparently the reason MacDonald's restricts the availability of its popular McRib—a marketing trick that has turned the pork sandwich into an object of obsession.

Readers of Happy Money are clearly a privileged lot, anxious about fulfillment, not hunger. Money may not quite buy happiness, but people in wealthier countries are generally happier than those in poor ones. Yet the link between feeling good and spending money on others can be seen among rich and poor people around the world, and scarcity enhances the pleasure of most things for most people. Not everyone will agree with the authors’ policy ideas, which range from mandating more holiday time to reducing tax incentives for American homebuyers. But most people will come away from this book believing it was money well spent.

21. According to Dumn and Norton, which of the following is the most rewarding purchase?

[A] A big house.    [B] A special tour.      [C] A stylish car.       [D] A rich meal.

22. The author's attitude toward Americans’ watching TV is ________.

[A] critical            [B] supportive           [C] sympathetic         [D] ambiguous

23. McRib is mentioned in Paragraph 3 to show that ________.

[A] consumers are sometimes irrational                     [B] popularity usually comes after quality

[C] marketing tricks are after effective                      [D] rarity generally increases pleasure

24. According to the last paragraph, Happy Money ________.

[A] has left much room for readers’ criticism           

[B] may prove to be a worthwhile purchase

[C] has predicted a wider income gap in the US        

[D] may give its readers a sense of achievement

25. This text mainly discusses how to ________.

[A] balance feeling good and spending money          

[B] spend large sums of money won in lotteries

[C] obtain lasting satisfaction from money spent       

[D] become more reasonable in spending on luxuries

Text 2
An article in Scientific America has pointed out that empirical research says that, actually, you think you’re more beautiful than you are. We have a deep­seated need to feel good about ourselves and we naturally employ a number of self­enhancing strategies to research into what they call the “above average effect”, or “illusory superiority”, and shown that, for example, 70% of us rate ourselves as above average in leadership, 93% in driving and 85% at getting on well with others—all obviously statistical impossibilities.

We rose tint our memories and put ourselves into self­affirming situations. We become defensive when criticized, and apply negative stereotypes to others to boost our own esteem, we stalk around thinking we’re hot stuff.

Psychologist and behavioral scientist Nicholas Epley oversaw a key studying into self­enhancement and attractiveness. Rather that have people simply rate their beauty compress with others, he asked them to identify an original photograph of themselves’ from a lineup including versions that had been altered to appear more and less attractive. Visual recognition, reads the study, is “an automatic psychological process occurring rapidly and intuitively with little or no apparent conscious deliberation”. If the subjects quickly chose a falsely flattering image—which must did—they genuinely believed it was really how they looked.

Epley found no significant gender difference in responses. Nor was there any evidence that, those who self­enhance the must (that is, the participants who thought the most positively doctored picture were real) were doing so to make up for profound insecurities. In fact those who thought that the images higher up the attractiveness scale were real directly corresponded with those who showed other makers for having higher self­esteem. “I don't think the findings that we having have are any evidence of personal delusion”, says Epley. “It's a reflection simply of people generally thinking well of themselves’. If you are depressed, you won't be self­enhancing.

Knowing the results of Epley's study, it makes sense that why people heat photographs of themselves viscerally—on one level, they don't even recognize the person in the picture as themselves. Facebook therefore, is a self­enhancer's paradise, where people can share only the most flattering photos, the cream of their wit, style, beauty, intellect and lifestyles. “It's not that people's profiles are dishonest”, says Catalina Toma of Wiscon—Madison university,” but they portray an idealized version of themselves.

26. According to the first paragraph, social psychologists have found that ________.

[A] our self­ratings are unrealistically high             

[B] illusory superiority is a baseless effect

[C] our need for leadership is unnatural               

[D] self-­enhancing strategies are ineffective

27. Visual recognition is believed to be people's ________.

[A] rapid watching                                   [B] conscious choice  

[C] intuitive response                               [D] automatic self-­defence

28. Epley found that people with higher self­esteem tended to ________.

[A] underestimate their insecurities            [B] believe in their attractiveness

[C] cover up their depressions               [D] oversimplify their illusions

29. The word “viscerally” (Line 2, Para. 5) is closest in meaning to ________.

[A] instinctively    [B] occasionally        [C] particularly              [D] aggressively

30. It can be inferred that Facebook is self-­enhancer’s paradise because people can ________.

[A] present their dishonest profiles          [B] define their traditional life styles

[C] share their intellectual pursuits           [D] withhold their unflattering sides

Text 3
The concept of man versus machine is at least as old as the industrial revolution, but this phenomenon tends to be most acutely felt during economic downturns and fragile recoveries. And yet, it would be a mistake to think we are right now simply experiencing the painful side of a boom and bust cycle. Certain jobs have gone away for good, outmoded by machines. Since technology has such an insatiable appetite for eating up human jobs, this phenomenon will continue to restructure our economy in ways we can't immediately foresee.

When there is rapid improvement in the price and performance of technology, jobs that were once thought to be immune from automation suddenly become threatened. This argument has attracted a lot of attention, via the success of the book Race Against the Machine, by Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee, who both hail from MIT's Center for Digital Business.

This is a powerful argument, and a scary one. And yet, John Hagel, author of The Power of Pull and other books, says Brynjolfsson and McAfee miss the reason why these jobs are so vulnerable to technology in the first place.

Hagel says we have designed jobs in the U. S. that tend to be “tightly scripted” and “highly standardized” ones that leave no room for “individual initiative or creativity.” In short, these are the types of jobs that machines can perform much better at than human beings. That is how we have put a giant target sign on the backs of American workers, Hagel says.

It's time to reinvent the formula for how work is conducted, since we are still relying on a very 20th century notion of work, Hagel says. In our rapidly changing economy, we more than ever need people in the workplace who can take initiative and exercise their imagination “to respond to unexpected events.” That's not something machines are good at. They are designed to perform very predictable activities.

As Hagel notes, Brynjolfsson and McAfee indeed touched on this point in their book. We need to reframe race against the machine as race with the machine. In other words, we need to look at the ways in which machines can augment human labor rather than replace it. So then the problem is not really about technology, but rather, “how do we innovate our institutions and our work practices?”

31. According to the first paragraph, economic downturns would ________.

[A] ease the competition of man vs. Machine             [B] highlight machines' threat to human jobs

[C] provoke a painful technological revolution           [D] outmode our current economic structure

32. The authors of Race Against the Machine argue that ________.

[A] technology is diminishing man's job opportunities [B] automation is accelerating technological development

[C] certain jobs will remain intact after automation    [D] man will finally win the race against machine

33. Hagel argues that jobs in the U. S. are often ________.

[A] performed by innovative minds                      [B] scripted with an individual style

[C] standardized without a clear target                [D] designed against human creativity

34. According to the last paragraph, Brynjolfsson and McAfee discussed ________.

[A] the predictability of machine behavior in practice

[B] the formula for how work is conducted efficiently

[C] the ways machines replace human labor in modern times 

[D] the necessity of human involvement in the workplace

35. Which of the following could be the most appropriate title for the text?

[A] How to Innovate Our Work Practices?            [B] Machines will Replace Human Labor

[C] Can We Win the Race Against Machines?          [D] Economic Downturns Stimulate Innovations

Text 4
When the government talks about infrastructure contributing to the economy the focus is usually on roads, railways, broadband and energy. Housing is seldom mentioned.

Why is that? To some extent the housing sector must shoulder the blame. We have not been good at communicating the real value that housing can contribute to economic growth. Then there is the scale of the typical housing project. It is hard to shove for attention among multibillion­pound infrastructure project, so it is inevitable that the attention is focused elsewhere. But perhaps the most significant reason is that the issue has always been so politically charged.

Nevertheless, the affordable housing situation is desperate. Waiting lists increase all the time and we are simply not building enough new homes.

The comprehensive spending review offers an opportunity for the government to help rectify this. It needs to put historical prejudices to one side and take some steps to address our urgent housing need.

There are some indications that it is preparing to do just that. The communities minister, Don Foster, has hinted that George Osborne, Chancellor of the Exchequer, may introduce more flexibility to the current cap on the amount that local authorities can borrow against their housing stock debt. Evidence shows that 60, 000 extra new homes could be built over the next five years if the cap were lifted, increasing GDP by 0.6%.

Ministers should also look at creating greater certainty in the rental environment, which would have a significant impact on the ability of registered providers to fund new developments from revenues.

But it is not just down to the government. While these measures would be welcome in the short term, we must face up to the fact that the existing ￡4.5bn programme of grants to fund new affordable housing, set to expire in 2015，is unlikely to be extended beyond then. The Labour party has recently announced that it will retain a large part of the coalition's spending plans if returns to power. The housing sector needs to accept that we are very unlikely to ever return to era of large-­scale public grants. We need to adjust to this changing climate.

36. The author believes that the housing sector ________.

[A] has attracted much attention                     [B] involves certain political factors

[C] shoulders too much responsibility                [D] has lost its real value in economy

37. It can be learned that affordable housing has ________.

[A] increased its home supply                      [B] offered spending opportunities

[C] suffered government biases                    [D] disappointed the government

38. According to Paragraph 5, George Osborne may ________.

[A] allow greater government debt for housing      

[B] stop local authorities from building homes

[C] prepare to reduce housing stock debt           

[D] release a lifted GDP growth forecast

39. It can be inferred that a stable rental environment would ________.

[A] lower the costs of registered providers            

[B] lessen the impact of government interference

[C] contribute to funding new developments        

[D] relieve the ministers of responsibilities

40. The author believes that after 2015, the government may ________.

[A] implement more policies to support housing    

[B] review the need for large-­scale public grants

[C] renew the affordable housing grants programme

[D] stop generous funding to the housing sector

Section II Reading Comprehension

Part A

Text 1

21、【答案】B A special tour

【解析】細(xì)節(jié)題。答案定位在第二段的“it is far better to spend money on experiences?like interesting trips?”，意思是“花錢消費(fèi)在經(jīng)歷方面更好??，比如說有趣的旅行??”，由此可以得知答案是 B 選項(xiàng)“一場(chǎng)特別的旅行”。

22、【答案】A critical

【解析】觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題。答案定位在第三段的“something the average American spends a whopping twomonths a year doing, and is hardly jollier for it”，意思是“普通美國(guó)人一年花兩個(gè)月的時(shí)間看電視，并且看電視幾乎不可能更愉快”，因此可以得知作者對(duì)于看電視的態(tài)度是 A 選項(xiàng)“批判的”。

23、【答案】D rarity generally increases pleasure

【解析】觀點(diǎn)例證題。答案定位在第三段，文章中提到 Mc Rib 這個(gè)例子，用這個(gè)例子證明的論點(diǎn)是“l(fā)uxuries are most enjoyable when they are consumed sparingly”，大意是“有節(jié)制地消費(fèi)奢侈品最令人愉悅”，D 選項(xiàng)正是這句論點(diǎn)句的同義替換。

24、【答案】B may prove to be a worthwhile purchase

【解析】細(xì)節(jié)題。答案定位在最后一段的最后一句“most people will come away from this book believing it was money well spent”，大意是“大多數(shù)人看完這本書后，認(rèn)為物有所值”，因此可以推知 B 選項(xiàng)是正確答案。

25、【答案】A balance feeling good and spending money

【解析】主旨題。縱觀全文可知，全文主要談?wù)摶ㄥX消費(fèi)和心情愉悅之間的關(guān)系，因此答案定位在 A選項(xiàng)。

Text 2

26、【答案】A our self-ratings are unrealistically high

【解析】題目問“根據(jù)第一段，社會(huì)心理學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn)了什么?”對(duì)應(yīng)于文章第一段第三句“社會(huì)心理學(xué)家對(duì)所謂的‘高于均數(shù)效應(yīng)’或者‘虛幻的優(yōu)越感’進(jìn)行大量的研究，發(fā)現(xiàn)我們中 70%的人認(rèn)為自己的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力在平均水平之上??—這些數(shù)據(jù)明顯都是不可能的。”由此可知，我們對(duì)自己評(píng)價(jià)過高。故答案為[A] our self-ratings are unrealistically high。

27、【答案】C intuitive response

【解析】題目問“視覺識(shí)別被認(rèn)為是人們的什么?”對(duì)應(yīng)于文章第三段第三句“視覺識(shí)別是自動(dòng)的心理過程，這個(gè)過程依靠直覺快速發(fā)生，且并不是故意的。”由此可知，視覺識(shí)別被認(rèn)為是人們的直覺反應(yīng)。故答案為[C] intuitive response。

28、【答案】B believe in their attractiveness

【解析】題目問“Epley發(fā)現(xiàn)有更高自尊的人傾向于怎樣”。對(duì)應(yīng)到第四段，第二句講到“沒有證據(jù)顯示那些自我提升最多的人這樣做是為了掩飾自己的不安全，接著講到：事實(shí)上，那些認(rèn)為自己的形象高于吸引力標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的人就是那些表現(xiàn)出更高自尊的人，故答案為[B] believe in their attractiveness。

29、【答案】[A] instinctively

【解析】題目問“最接近 viscerally 的意思的是?”。對(duì)應(yīng)到第五段，viscerally 所在句講到“許多人討厭照片中的自己，從某種層面上說，他們甚至不承認(rèn)照片中的人是他們自己?！倍挛挠种v到 facebook是自我拔高者的天堂，在那里人們可以分享最滿意的的照片。”由此可知，viscerally 在本句中是“本質(zhì)上地”意思，故答案為[A] instinctively。

30、【答案】[D]withhold their unflattering sides

【解析】題干問“我們可以推理出臉書(facebook)之所以是一個(gè)自我拔高者的天堂，是因?yàn)槿藗兛梢宰鍪裁?”對(duì)應(yīng)于文章最后一段的第二句，該句講到“在臉書(facebook)中，人們可以分享最滿意的照片?！毕挛慕又v到“不是人們不誠(chéng)實(shí)，而是人們展示了自己最理想的形象?！惫蚀鸢笧閇D]withhold their unflattering sides。

Text 4

36、【答案】[B] involves certain political factors

【解析】根據(jù)本題題干中的關(guān)鍵詞 housing sector 可以對(duì)應(yīng)到文章的第二段，中間說的很多，我們注意到最后有 but 出現(xiàn)，最后應(yīng)該是作者真正想要表達(dá)的觀點(diǎn)，另外這里用了 the most significant 較高級(jí)，所以最后這個(gè)是最重要的一個(gè)原因，politically charged 和選項(xiàng) B 的 political factors 有對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系，故選 B involves certain political factors。A 項(xiàng)的吸引注意沒有提及，C 項(xiàng)的承擔(dān)太多責(zé)任，原文說的 shoulder the blame，D 項(xiàng)說的喪失價(jià)值，原文說的是不善于表明真正價(jià)值，兩者不一致，故排除。

37、【答案】[C] suffered government biases

【解析】經(jīng)濟(jì)適用房曾受到政府的偏見。答案定位到文章第三段最后一句話 It needs to put historical prejudices to one side and take some steps to address our urgent housing need. 政府需要把歷史的偏見放在一邊并且采取一些策略解決我們迫切的住房需求。Suffered 是過去式，是對(duì)于原文 history 的同義反復(fù)，biases 是對(duì)原文prejudices 的同義反復(fù)。

38、【答案】[A] allow greater government debt for housing

【解析】根據(jù)人名 George Osborne 定位得知，此人將會(huì)讓當(dāng)?shù)卣脕韮斶€建房借貸的限額變得更加寬松，并在借貸限額放寬的情況下，將會(huì)另有 60,000 所房屋在未來的五年中建立，并由此拉動(dòng)國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值的百分之零點(diǎn)六。因此 A(允許更大的政府的建房借貸)是正確的，而 B(禁止當(dāng)?shù)卣ǚ?，C(準(zhǔn)備減少建房借貸)，D(發(fā)布國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值增長(zhǎng)的預(yù)報(bào))都與原文意思不符。

39、【答案】[C] contribute to funding new developments

【解析】推斷題。根據(jù)文章題干定位到第五段，題干考察的是對(duì)穩(wěn)定的租賃環(huán)境的理解。A 項(xiàng)的意思是“減少注冊(cè)供應(yīng)者的成本”，其中“成本一詞”并未在文中出現(xiàn)，屬于無中生有。B項(xiàng)的意思是“減少政府接介入的影響”，其中“政府介入”并未在文中出現(xiàn)，屬于無中生有。B 項(xiàng)的意思是“有助于為新發(fā)展提供資金支持”，其中“為新發(fā)展提供資金持”對(duì)應(yīng)文中的“fund new developments”;C選項(xiàng)中的“contribute to”(意思是有助于)對(duì)英文中的have a significant impact(意思是有重要影響)，符合正解的同義復(fù)現(xiàn)原則，所以是正確選項(xiàng)。

40、【答案】[D] stop generous funding to the housing sector

【解析】推斷題。根據(jù)題干定位到最后一段第三行?？疾斓氖?2015 年以后政府的可能性動(dòng)作。A 項(xiàng)的意思是“推行更多的政策來支持住房”與原文意義相反。B 項(xiàng)的意思是重新審視大規(guī)模公共撥款的需求，與原文倒數(shù)第二段意義相違背。C 項(xiàng)的意思是更新可負(fù)擔(dān)的住房撥款項(xiàng)目并沒有提到 renew 一詞。D 項(xiàng)的意思是停止對(duì)住房部門的大額資助，與原文的倒數(shù)第二句相匹配，故為正確選項(xiàng)。