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Section IV Reading Comprehension (20 marks, 1 mark each) Directions: There are four passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET 1 with a single line through the centre.

Passage One

In the same way that a child must be able to move his arms and legs before he can learn to walk, the child must physiologically be capable of producing and experiencing particular emotions before these emotions can be modified through learning. Psychologists have found that there are two basic processes by which learning takes place. One kind of learning is called “ classical conditioning ”. This occurs when one event or stimulus is consistently paired with, or followed by, a reward or punishment； it is through classical conditioning that a child learns to associate his mother’s face and voice with happiness and love, for he learns that this person provides food and comfort. Negative emotions are learned in a similar fashion.

The second kind of learning is called “operant conditioning”. This occurs when an individual learns to do things that produce rewards in his environment and learns not to do things that produce punishments. For example, if a mother always attends to her baby when he cries and cuddles him until he is quiet, she may teach him that if he cries he will get attention from mother. Thus, the baby will learn to increase his crying in order to have his mother more.

Every day, we grow and have new experiences. We constantly learn by reading, watching television, interacting with some people, and so forth. This learning affects our emotions. Why is it that we learn to like some people and dislike others? if a person is nice to us, cares about us, we learn to associate this person with positive feelings, such as joy, happiness, and friendliness. On the other hand, if a person is mean to us, does not care about us, and even deliberately does things to harm us, we learn to associate this person with negative feelings, such as unhappiness, discomfort, and anger.

56. The author’s main purpose in writing the passage is to .

A. teach children how to learn to produce and experience certain emotion

B. give the general reader an account of two basic kinds of learning

C. give parents some advice on how to modify their children’s emotions through learning

D. discuss with psychologist how positive and negative feelings are produced

57. If your jokes often find already echo in a person, you will learn though that telling jokes to this person is fun, and you will try with greater efforts to be humorous in his presence.

A. classical conditioning B. operant conditioning

C. neither of them D. some other sorts of conditioning

58. If a child is bitten or startled several times by a dog, he may learn to associate furry animals with pain or startle and thus develop a fear of furry animals. This is a typical example of learning through .

A. classical conditioning B. operant conditioning

C. both of them D. neither of them

59. In the third paragraph, the author is .

A. discussing how we grow and have new experiences every day

B. talking about learning to modify emotions through operant conditioning

C. concentrating on learning by reading, watching television, interacting with people, and so on

D. using examples to further illustrate learning through classical conditioning

60. In the following paragraphs the author will most probably go on to discuss ?

A. definitions of positive feelings and negative feelings

B. the third kind of learning

C. further examples of learning through operant conditioning

D. none of the above

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