1、There are two methods of fighting, the one by law, the other by force; the first method is that of men, the second of beasts; but as the first method is often insufficient, one must have recourse to the second. It is, therefore, necessary for a prince to know well how to use both the beast and the man. This was covertly taught to rulers by ancient writers, who related how Achilles and many others of those ancient princes were given to Chiron the centaur to be brought up and educated under his discipline. The parable of this semi-animal, semi-human teacher is meant to indicate that a prince must know how to use both natures, and that the one without the other is not durable. A prince, being thus obliged to know well how to act as a beast, must imitate the fox, and the lion, for the lion cannot protect himself from traps; and the fox cannot defend himself from wolves. Those that wish to be only lions do not understand this. Therefore, a prudent ruler ought not to keep faith when by doing so it would be against his interest, and when the reasons which made him bind himself no longer exist, if men were all good, this precept would not be good; but as they are bad; and would not observe their faith with you, so you are not bound to keep faith with them. Nor have legitimate grounds ever failed a prince who wished to show colorable excuse for the nonfulfillment of his promise. Of this one could furnish an infinite number of examples, and show how many times peace has been broken, and how many promises rendered worthless, by the faithlessness of princes, and those that have best been able to imitate the fox have succeeded best. But it is necessary to be able to disguise this character well, and to be a great feigner and dissembler, and men are so simple and so ready to obey present necessities, that the one who deceives will always find those who allow themselves to be deceived.

The author of the passage does not believe that（  ）.

The lion represents those who are （  ）.

The fox, in this passage, is （  ）.

The writer suggests that a successful leader must （  ）.

The writer would approve an unsuccessful political candidate（  ）.

A、people can protect themselves

B、the truth makes men free

C、leaders have to be consistent

D、princes ate human

A、toil trusting

B、strong and careful

C、reliant on force

D、lacking in intelligence

A、admired for his trickery

B、no match for the lion

C、pitied for his trick

D、considered worthless

A、be prudent and faithful

B、cheat and lie

C、have principle to guide his actions

D、tell the people the truth about his opponent

A、gave up all his opportunities

B、promised to try again next time

C、overthrew the government by force

D、told the people the truth about his opponent

2、The forest from which Man takes his timber is the tallest and most impressive plant community on Earth. In terms of Man’s brief life it appears permanent and unchanging, save for the seasonal growth and fall of the leaves, but to forester it represents the climax of a long succession of events. No wooded landscape we see today has been forest for all lime. Plants have minimum requirements of temperature and moisture and, in ages past, virtually every part of Earth’s surface has at some time been either too dry or too cold for plants to survive. However, as soon as climatic conditions change in favor of plant life, a fascinating sequence of changes occurs, called a primary succession.

First to colonize the barren land are the lowly lichens, surviving on bare rock. Slowly, the acids produced by these organisms crack the rock surface, plant debris accumulates, and mosses establish a shallow root hold. Ferns may follow and, with short grasses and shrubs, gradually from a covering of plant life. Roots probe even deeper into the developing soil and eventually large shrubs give way to the first tress. These grow rapidly, cutting off sunlight from the smaller plants, and soon establish complete domination-closing their ranks and forming a climax community which may endure for thousands of years.

Yet even this community is not everlasting. Fire may destroy it outright and settlers may cut it down to gain land for pasture or cultivation. If the land is then abandoned, a secondary succession will take over, developing much faster on the more hospitable soil. Shrubs and trees are among the early invaders, their seeds carried by the wind, by birds and lodged in the coats of mammals. For as long as it stands and thrives, the forest is a vast machine, storing energy and many elements essential for life.

What does the forest strike mankind as permanent?

What has sometimes caused plants to die out of the past?

In a “primary succession”，what makes it possible for mosses to take root?

What conditions are needed for shrubs to become established?

Why is a “secondary succession” quicker?

A、The trees are in community.

B、The forest is renewed each season.

C、Man's life is short in comparison.

D、It is an essential part of our lives.

A、Interference from foresters.

B、Variations in climate.

C、The absence of wooded land.

D、The introduction of new type of plants.

A、The type of rock.

B、The amount of sunlight.

C、The amount of moisture.

D、The effect of lichens.

A、Ferns must take root.

B、The ground must be covered with grass.

C、More soil must accumulate.

D、Smaller plants must die out.

A、The ground is more suitable.

B、There is more space new plants.

C、Birds and animals bring new seeds.

D、It is supported by the forest.

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