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Part B

41. Teri Byrd

I am a veterinarian who was a zoo and wildlife park employee for years before obtaining my veterinary degree. Both the wildlife park and zoo claimed to be operating for the benefit of the animals and for conservation purposes. This claim was false. Neither one of them actually participated in any contributions to animal research or conservation. They are profitable institutions whose bottom line is much more important than the condition of the animals. 

Animals such as African lions that bred in captivity were “culled” (killed) when their numbers exceeded the financial capability of the zoo to feed them. Baby bears, seals, beavers and other animals were taken in and used by the zoos for financial profit until they were no longer useful, and then either “culled” or released into the wild without the ability to survive. I was taught torecite a spiel on conservation to zoo visitors that was false. 

Animals despise being captives in zoos. No matter how you “enhance” enclosures, they do not allow for freedom, a natural diet or adequate exercise. Animals end up stressed and unhealthy or dead.

It’s past time for transparency with these institutions, and it’s past time to eliminate zoos from our culture.

42. Karen R Sime

As a zoology professor and, thanks to my kids, a frequent zoo visitor, I agree with Emma Marris that zoo displays can be sad and cruel. But she underestimates the educational value of zoos.

Emma Marris briefly mentions sanctuaries. Sanctuaries are a growing and ethical alternative to animals kept in captivity and “on display.” The Global Federation of Animal Sanctuaries is the accrediting body for sanctuaries, with 200 members in the United States and abroad. One hundred percent of the focus of our organization and its member sanctuaries is on the humane care of their animals. 

She cites studies showing that most zoo visitors do not closely read educational signs, arguing that few people experience the zoo other than as a simple family outing. However, those few who gain a serious interest in conservation add up to a lot, given that millions of people visit zoos.

The zoology program at my State University of New York campus attracts students for whom zoo visits were the crucial formative experience that led them to major in biological sciences. These are mostly students who had no opportunity as children to travel to wilderness areas, wildlife refuges or national parks. Although good TV shows can help stir children’s interest in conservation, they cannot replace the excitement of a zoo visit as an intense, immersive and interactive experience. They also get to meet adults who have turned their love for animals into a career, and with whom they can identify. 

Surely there must be some middle ground that balances zoos’ treatment of animals with their educational potential. 

43. Greg Newberry

Emma Marris’article is an insult and disservice to the thousands of passionate dedicated people who work tirelessly to improve the lives of animals and our planet. Ms. Marris uses outdated research and decades-old examples to undermine the noble mission of organizations committed to connecting children to a world beyond their own. 

Zoos and aquariums are at the forefront of conservation and constantly evolving to improve how they care for animals and protect each species in its natural habitat. Are there tragedies? Of course. But they are the exception, not the norm that Ms. Marris implies. A distressed animal in a zoo will get as good or better treatment than most of us at our local hospital. 

44. Dean Gallea

As a fellow environmentalist, animal-protection advocate and longtime vegetarian, I could properly be in the same camp as Emma Marris on the issue of zoos. But I believe that well-run zoos, and the heroic animals that suffer their captivity, do serve a higher purpose. Were it not for opportunities to observe these beautiful, wild creatures close to home, many more people would be driven by their fascination to travel to wild areas to seek out, disturb and even hunt them down. 

Zoos are, in that sense, akin to natural history and archaeology museums, serving to satisfy our need for contact with these living creatures while leaving the vast majority undisturbed in their natural environments. 

45. John Fraser

Emma Marris selectively describes and misrepresents the findings of our research. Our studies focused on the impact of zoo experiences on how people think about themselves and nature, and the data points extracted from our studies do not, in any way, discount what is learned in a zoo visit.

Zoos are tools for thinking. Our research provides strong support for the value of zoos in connecting people with animals and with nature. Zoos provide a critical voice for conservation and environmental protection. They afford an opportunity for people from all backgrounds to encounter a range of animals, from drone bees to springbok or salmon, to better understand the natural world we live in. 

[A] Zoos, which spare no effort to take care of animals, should not be subjected to unfair criticism. 

[B] To pressure zoos to spend less on their animals would lead to inhumane outcomes for theprecious creatures in their care. 

[C] While animals in captivity deserve sympathy, zoos play a significant role in starting youngpeople down the path of related sciences. 

[D] Zoos save people trips to wilderness areas and thus contribute to wildlife conservation. 

[E] For wild animals that cannot be returned to their natural habitats, zoos offer the best alternative. 

[F] Zoos should have been closed down as they prioritize money making over animals’ wellbeing.

[G] Marris distorts our findings, which actually prove that zoos serve as an indispensable linkbetween man and nature.

參考答案

41. [F] Zoos should have been closed down as they prioritize money making over animals’well-being.

42. [C] While animals in captivity deserve sympathy, zoos play significant role in starting young people down the path of related sciences.

43. [A] Zoos, which spare no effort to take care of animals, should not be subjected to unfair criticism.

44. [D] Zoos save people trips to wilderness areas and thus contribute to wildlife conservation.

45. [G] Marris distorts our findings which actually prove that zoos serve as an indispensable link between man and nature.