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Part C

The Man Who Broke Napoleon’s Code

Between 1807 and 1814 the Iberian Peninsula (comprising Spain and Portugal) was the scene of a titanic and merciless struggle. It took place on many different planes: between Napoleon’s French army and the angry inhabitants; between the British, ever keen to exacerbate the emperor’s difficulties, and the marshals sent from Paris to try to keep them in check; between newforces of science and meritocracy and old ones of conservatism and birth. (46) It was also, and this is unknown even to many people well read about the period, a battle between those who made codes and those who broke them. 

I first discovered the Napoleonic cryptographic battle a few years ago when I was reading Sir Charles Oman’s epic History of the Peninsular War. In volume V he had attached an appendix, The Scovell Ciphers. (47) It listed many documents in code that had been captured from the French army of Spain, and whose secrets had been revealed by the work of George Scovell, an officer in British headquarters. Oman rated Scovell’s significance highly, but at the same time, the general nature of his History meant that (48) he could not analyze carefully what this obscure officer may or may not have contributed to that great struggle between nations or indeed tell us anything much about the man himself. I was keen to read more, but was surprised to find that Oman’s appendix, published in 1914, was the only considered thing that had been written about this secret war. 

I became convinced that this story was every bit as exciting and significant as that of Enigma and the breaking of German codes in the Second World War. The question was, could it be told?

Studying Scovell’s papers at the Public Record Office (in Kew, west London) I found that he had left an extensive journal and copious notes about his work in the peninsula. What was more, many original French dispatches had been preserved in this collection. I realized at once that this was priceless. (49) There may have been many spies and intelligence officers during the Napoleonic Wars, but it is usually extremely difficult to find the material they actually provided or worked on. Furthermore, Scovell’s story involved much more than just intelligence work. His status in Lord Wellington’s headquarters and the recognition given to him for his work were all bound up with the class politics of the army at the time. His tale of self-improvement and hard work would make a fascinating biography in its own right, but represents something more than that. (50) Just as the code breaking has its wider relevance in the struggle for Spain, so his attempts to make his way up the promotion ladder speak volumes about British society.

參考譯文

46.甚至是許多熟悉這一時期的人都不知道，這也是一場發(fā)生在密碼制作者與密碼破解者之間的斗爭。

47.它列出了許多從駐扎西班牙的法國軍隊繳獲的密碼文件，這些文件的秘密由英國總部的一位軍官喬治·斯科維爾揭露了出來。

48.他無法仔細分析這位名不見經(jīng)傳的軍官對那場國家間的偉大斗爭有沒有做出貢獻，也確實無法告訴我們?nèi)魏斡嘘P(guān)此人的更多事情。

49.在拿破侖戰(zhàn)爭時期，也許存在很多的間諜和情報官員，但通常難以找到他們實際提供或者破譯的情報資料。

50.正如破譯密碼在爭奪西班牙的斗爭中具有更廣泛的意義一樣，斯科維爾晉升的嘗試也將英國社會形態(tài)體現(xiàn)得淋漓盡致。