Part A

Directions:

Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(40 points)

Text 1

Unlike so-called basic emotions such as sadness, fear, and anger, guilt emerges a little later, in conjunction with a child’s growing grasp of social and moral norms. Children aren’t born knowing how to say “I’m sorry”; rather, they learn over time that such statements appease parents and friends—and their own consciences. This is why researchers generally regard so-called moral guilt, in the right amount, to be a good thing.

In the popular imagination, of course, guilt still gets a bad rap. It is deeply uncomfortable—it’s the emotional equivalent of wearing a jacket weighted with stones. Yet this understanding is outdated. “There has been a kind of revival or a rethinking about what guilt is and what role guilt can serve,” says Amrisha Vaish, a psychology researcher at the University of Virginia, adding that this revival is part of a larger recognition that emotions aren’t binary—feelings that may be advantageous in one context may be harmful in another. Jealousy and anger, for example, may have evolved to alert us to important inequalities. Too much happiness can be destructive.

And guilt, by prompting us to think more deeply about our goodness, can encourage humans to make up for errors and fix relationships. Guilt, in other words, can help hold a cooperative species together. It is a kind of social glue.

Viewed in this light, guilt is an opportunity. Work by Tina Malti, a psychology professor at the University of Toronto, suggests that guilt may compensate for an emotional deficiency. In a number of studies, Malti and others have shown that guilt and sympathy may represent different pathways to cooperation and sharing. Some kids who are low in sympathy may make up for that shortfall by experiencing more guilt, which can rein in their nastier impulses. And vice versa: High sympathy can substitute for low guilt.

In a 2014 study, for example, Malti looked at 244 children. Using caregiver assessments and the children’s self-observations, she rated each child’s overall sympathy level and his or her tendency to feel negative emotions after moral transgressions. Then the kids were handed chocolate coins, and given a chance to share them with an anonymous child. For the low-sympathy kids, how much they shared appeared to turn on how inclined they were to feel guilty. The guilt-prone ones shared more, even though they hadn’t magically become more sympathetic to the other child’s deprivation.

“That’s good news,” Malti says. “We can be prosocial because we caused harm and we feel regret.”

21.Researchers think that guilt can be a good thing because it may help______.

A）regulate a child's basic emotions

B）improve a child's intellectual ability

C）foster a child’s moral development

D）intensity a child's positive feelings

22.According to paragraph 2, many people still consider guilt to be______.

A）deceptive

B）burdensome

C）addictive

D) deception

23. Vaish hold that the rethinking about guilt comes from an awareness that______.

A）emotions are context-independent

B）emotions are socially constructive

C）emotional stability can benefit health

D）an emotion can play opposing roles

24. Malti and others have shown that cooperation and sharing _______.

A. may help correct emotional deficiencies

B. can result from either sympathy or guilt

C. can bring about emotional satisfaction

D. may be the outcome of impulsive acts

25. The word “transgressions” (Line 4, Para.5) is closest in meaning to _______.

A. teachings

B. discussions

C. restrictions

D. wrongdoings

21-25參考答案及解析：

21.【答案】[C]foster a child’s moral development

【解析】根據(jù)題干Researchers think that guilt can be a good thing because it may help______.內(nèi)容定位到第一段最后一句This is why researchers generally regard so-called moral guilt, in the right amount, to be a good thing. 由最后一句的this指代詞，可知原因在第一段的前幾句，根據(jù)第一句Unlike so-called basic emotions such as sadness, fear, and anger, guilt emerges a little later, in conjunction with a child’s growing grasp of social and moral norms. 和第二句Children aren’t born knowing how to say “I’m sorry”; rather, they learn over time that such statements appease parents and friends—and their own consciences. 可知內(nèi)疚不是天生的，而是和一個孩子的道德規(guī)范有關(guān)，是通過后天學習獲得的。因此答案是C 選項 foster a child’s moral development。

22.【答案】[B]burdensome

【解析】根據(jù)題干According to paragraph 2, many people still consider guilt to be______.定位到第二段第一句In the popular imagination, of course, guilt still gets a bad rap. 另外第二句It is deeply uncomfortable—it’s the emotional equivalent of wearing a jacket weighted with stones. 也進一步解釋了第一句。由這兩句可知許多人認為內(nèi)疚是不好的，令人不舒服的，讓人感覺沉重，就像是衣服口袋里有石頭一樣，因此答案為B選項burdensome。

23.【答案】[D]an emotion can play opposing roles

【解析】根據(jù)題干Vaish hold that the rethinking about guilt comes from an awareness that______.中的關(guān)鍵詞Vaish定位到第二段第四句，根據(jù)第四句中的adding that this revival is part of a larger recognition that emotions aren’t binary—feelings that may be advantageous in one context may be harmful in another. 可知這種復興是更大的認識的一部分，即情緒不是二元情感，在一個情境中有利的情緒，在一個情景中可能是有害的。其中第4句中的revival和題干中的rethinking對應，第四句中的recognition和題干中的awareness對應，因此答案是D 選項 an emotion can play opposing roles。

24.【答案】[B]can result from either sympahty or guilt

【解析】根據(jù)題干Malti and others have shown that cooperation and sharing _______. 定位到第四段第三句 In a number of studies, Malti and others have shown that guilt and sympathy may represent different pathways to cooperation and sharing. 根據(jù)第三句可知內(nèi)疚和和同情可能代表了通往合作和分享的不同的路徑?？梢缘贸觯鸢甘荁 選項can result from either sympahty or guilt。

25.【答案】[D]wrongdoings

【解析】根據(jù)題干中的關(guān)鍵詞transgressions可以定位到第五段第二句Using caregiver assessments and the children’s self-observations, she rated each child’s overall sympathy level and his or her tendency to feel negative emotions after moral transgressions. 根據(jù)第二句中的 feel negative emotions after moral transgressions. 可以看到negative emotions 來源于transgressions. 而negative emotions表示負面情緒是貶義的，因此對比4個選項，可以得出答案是D選項wrongdoings.